CHAPTER 1

[Virtual Presenter] We welcome everyone to our tutorial on the mips R 2000 processor chip. In this presentation we will provide a detailed explanation of assembly language specifically for the mips R 2000 processor chip. We will use the spim simulator of the chip instead of the actual hardware. Our presentation covers topics such as basic computer cycles machine instructions machine language assembly language language translation emulation object modules and separate assembly. Additionally we will discuss the differences between pure assembly language and extended assembly language as well as the differences between assembly language and high-level languages..

[Audio] We will discuss Assembly Language and its use in writing programs for the mips R 2000 processor chip. We will use the spim simulator rather than actual hardware. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses basic operations of a processor. One Assembly Language statement equals one basic operation. Programmer requests basic operations of the processor when writing an Assembly Language program. Architecture of the computer is visible in every statement of the program. Assembly Language is uncommon and most programs are written in high-level languages. Even when Assembly Language is used it has enhanced features. This chapter will discuss the computer cycle machine instructions machine language Assembly Language language translation emulation object modules load modules and separate assembly..

[Audio] We will teach you the basic operations of the mips32 processor and how to write programs in assembly language using the S-P-I-M simulator of the mips32 processor chip. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used in many different fields including computer graphics game development and system programming. The mips32 processor is a 32-bit processor with a large number of instructions and features making it versatile and powerful. In this tutorial we will use the S-P-I-M simulator to write and execute programs in assembly language..

[Audio] We will focus on the relationship between assembly language and the processor architecture. Assembly language statements correspond to basic operations of the processor. Programmers are essentially asking for the basic operations of the processor to be executed when they write in assembly language. By understanding this relationship programmers can optimize their code and achieve faster execution times..

[Audio] 1. We will explain pure assembly language. 2. Pure assembly language..

[Audio] Independent programming allows for flexibility and portability in software development by enabling programs written in languages such as C or Pascal to run on any processor without modification. This is achieved through translation into the machine language of the processor..

[Audio] We will discuss portable game devices and their architecture specifically on the use of two mips chips. Let's dive into the world of computer architecture and see how it shapes technology..

[Audio] Discussing the role of processor chips in computers. These chips are responsible for carrying out calculations executing instructions and controlling various devices in a computer system. Each family of processor chip has its own unique architecture. For instance mips processors are utilized in servers and other high-performance computing systems while A-R-M processors are commonly found in smartphones and tablets. S-P-A-R-C processors are used in supercomputers while Alpha processors are used in large-scale data centers. Motorola processors are used in mobile phones while Intel processors are used in PCs and servers. Choosing the right processor for your specific needs is crucial and understanding the architecture of processor chips can help you make an informed decision..

[Audio] Today we will discuss various processor architectures. Every processor family has its own architecture. Assembly language is a way to program a specific processor’s architecture. Understanding the architecture of a processor is crucial for developing software that is both efficient and effective..

[Audio] Understanding mips assembly is crucial for computer science. These notes improve comprehension of assembly language level concepts and mechanisms of the mips processor..

[Audio] Computer scientists study computer systems at various levels of understanding. At the basic level they learn about computer architecture including how components work together and how they are built. As students progress they learn about the operating systems view of the computer system which involves understanding how the operating system manages resources and interacts with hardware and software components. This understanding is necessary for developing software applications. Computer scientists understand how the various levels of understanding are built upon each other with the electronic view serving as the foundation for the operating systems view and the operating systems view serving as the foundation for software development. This understanding is crucial for a career in the field and is necessary for a computer science degree program. In summary computer scientists study computer systems at various levels of understanding starting with computer architecture and progressing to the operating systems view and beyond. This understanding is essential for a career in the field and serves as the foundation for further study..

[Audio] We will discuss the introduction of computers in higher education. Our answer to question two is no. Assembly language is the low-level programming language used by computers to understand and execute instructions. It is designed to be easy to understand and use but it is also very low-level meaning that it is closer to machine code than high-level languages like Java or Python. While it is true that understanding assembly language can be useful for developing and debugging computer programs it is not necessary for a basic understanding of computers. In fact many modern computers use a different assembly language than the one that was used when they were first designed making it clear that understanding a specific assembly language is not the key to understanding computers as a whole. Therefore we recommend that students focus on learning a well-designed modern assembly language rather than getting bogged down in the specific details of any one language. This will give them the flexibility and adaptability they need to work with a wide range of different computer systems and programming languages..

[Audio] mips architecture is a well-designed and modern chip that was first released in 1985. Its design incorporates the best ideas of computer architecture making it an excellent chip to study for those learning the fundamentals of how computers work. Despite being created over 35 years ago the mips architecture remains relevant and modern in today's computing landscape..

[Audio] Programming with assembly language provides programmers with a high level of control over the hardware. Each instruction is written in a specific way to ensure that it will be executed correctly by the hardware. This means that programmers can optimize their programs for specific hardware families resulting in faster and more efficient execution. However the high level of control also means that programmers must be very familiar with the hardware architecture and be able to write instructions that will be executed correctly by the hardware. This can be a challenging task particularly for programmers who are not familiar with the specific hardware architecture. Additionally assembly language can be more difficult to read and understand than other programming languages which can make it more difficult for programmers to maintain and update their programs..

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[Audio] Assembly Language is a low-level programming language that allows for direct communication with a computer's hardware. It is commonly used in embedded systems and real-time applications because it provides more control over the hardware than other programming languages. Unlike other programming languages Assembly Language does not have a syntax or structure instead it uses mnemonic codes to represent specific instructions. These instructions are then translated into machine code that can be executed by the computer's hardware. Assembly Language is often seen as difficult to learn and use but it has many advantages over other programming languages. For example it is often faster and more efficient than other programming languages because it provides more direct access to the computer's hardware. Additionally Assembly Language is often easier to debug and maintain than other programming languages because it is easier to understand..

[Audio] The machine instruction is a pattern of bits that corresponds to a fundamental operation of the processor. This pattern of bits is repeated in each machine cycle leading to the execution of one machine instruction. Modern processors perform millions of these machine cycles per second..

[Audio] Discussing details of the machine cycle of most processor chips. Three main stages: Fetch Instruction Increment Program Counter Execute Instruction. Essential for proper functioning of processor timely and efficient execution of instructions. Gain insight into how processors work and optimize for different tasks..

[Audio] The instruction fetch process in higher education is a vital component of executing a program that involves retrieving an instruction from memory and loading it into the processor's instruction register. This allows the program to execute the instruction and achieve its desired output. In this presentation we will delve into the intricacies of the instruction fetch process such as how the program counter is utilized to determine the address of the instruction in memory. We will also explore the various types of instructions that can be fetched and how they control program execution. So let's begin with the first chapter of our presentation..

[Audio] Computers can access a wide range of memory locations using a 32-bit program counter in a 32-bit processor allowing them to carry out complex computations and process large amounts of data. This is one of the most fundamental operations in computer architecture and is essential for the functioning of modern computers..

[Audio] Today we will be discussing the basics of computer programming. We will cover the different types of computer instructions and how they are executed by the basic machine cycle. One of the most important aspects of programming is the order in which the instructions are executed. This is known as the sequential order and it means that the instructions are executed one after another in a specific order. It is crucial to understand this concept in order to write effective programs..

[Audio] 1. Discuss the content of chapter one of our presentation on machine instructions. 2. Machine instructions are the fundamental building blocks of any computer program. 3. They are typically executed in a linear sequence with the program counter advancing through memory one instruction at a time. 4. Each cycle of the machine instruction executes one instruction and increments the program counter by one instruction. 5. Operations such as adding two integers and comparing two integers are operations that a processor performs in a single machine instruction. 6. Control structures like loops and branches require machine instructions that deviate from the normal sequence. 7. Understanding machine instructions is critical for anyone interested in programming or computer science..

[Audio] Machine Instructions are fundamental in computer science and are essential for understanding Machine Learning algorithms. By understanding the basics of Machine Instructions we can better understand how Machine Learning algorithms process and analyze large amounts of data. Let's take a look at an example of a Machine Instruction that directs a processor to add two 32-bit registers together. The Machine Instruction is00000001 0010 1011 10000000 00100000. This Instruction specifies the operation to be performed which is adding two 32-bit registers together and provides the necessary information for the processor to execute the Instruction..

[Audio] Understanding the instruction's structure and function is crucial for programming and computer science. When displaying bit patterns in a book they are usually shown in groups of four and the spaces between the groups are a printing convention and not part of the bit pattern..

[Audio] Instruction is the foundation of any educational pursuit. It leads learners on their journey to acquire new knowledge and skills. However guidelines can be challenging to comprehend especially when they are unclear. In this section we will examine the numerous forms of instruction and devise strategies to create efficient guidance that is easy to comprehend and implement..

[Audio] Understanding the layout of a machine instruction is crucial for writing effective and efficient machine code. Without knowing the layout it can be challenging to remember what the patterns mean and how to write machine instructions. When a machine instruction is executed the bits in it trigger electronic events in the components of the processor which perform a basic operation..

[Audio] We will discuss the relationship between assembly language and machine language on slide 27. Assembly language is much easier to write than machine language which is why it is preferred by programmers..

[Audio] The instruction is written in assembly language which is a low-level programming language. This language allows us to communicate directly with the computer's processor. The instruction 'add $t0 $t1 $t2' means that we are adding the values stored in registers $t1 and $t2 and putting the result in register $t0. Registers are a key part of the processor that can hold a bit pattern representing an integer. This is a crucial concept in assembly language as it allows us to manipulate data directly at the hardware level. If you have any questions about this instruction or assembly language please ask..

[Audio] We will discuss Enhanced assembly language a powerful tool for programmers that offers extra flexibility and ease of use. Utilizing symbols instead of binary codes it becomes simpler for humans to understand and write code. This language is compact and requires less space making it ideal for systems with limited memory. Enhanced assembly language also includes pseudoinstructions which correspond to multiple machine instructions allowing programmers to write more concise and efficient code. In essence enhanced assembly language provides flexibility convenience and efficiency in describing computations..

[Audio] 1. We will now discuss question 6 of Chapter 1. This question asks if it is hard to write an assembly language statement. We will explain that this is not difficult. Assembly language is a low-level programming language used to write code for computer systems. It is similar to machine code and easier to understand than this code. Writing an assembly language statement is a straightforward process and once you understand the language it is easy to create statements in it. 2. We will now discuss question 6 of Chapter 1. This question asks if it is hard to write an assembly language statement. We will explain that this is not difficult. Assembly language is a low-level programming language used to write code for computer systems. Writing an assembly language statement is a straightforward process and once you understand the language it is easy to create statements in it..

[Audio] An assembly language statement says the same thing as the machine language instruction but must be translated into a bit pattern before it can be executed..

[Audio] The program is written in assembly language and consists of machine instructions. Each machine instruction is represented by a bit pattern which is translated into an assembly statement. For example ori $1 $0 9 is translated into the bit pattern 0011 010000000001000000000000 1001 and mult $2 $1 is translated into the bit pattern 0011 010000000000 01000001000000000001 1000. In this way the assembly language program is translated into a series of bit patterns which can be executed by the computer..

[Audio] In this chapter we will be discussing the programming languages used in higher education and their applications. Our focus will be on the programming languages similar to ForTRAN. These include COBOL C and Pascal. While these languages share similar syntax and structure with ForTRAN they each have unique features and capabilities. C-O-B-O-L is primarily used in business applications C in various applications including operating systems and device drivers and Pascal in scientific applications and numerical analysis. When learning a programming language it's important to understand its strengths and weaknesses and choose the language that best suits your needs..

[Audio] We will discuss programming languages and their translations. High level languages are independent of architecture and require a specific translator (compiler) for each architecture..

[Audio] We will discuss a mips assembly language program that multiplies two numbers. The program translates the statement multiply two numbers into mips assembly language. The program works by storing the value of alpha in register $t0 and the value of beta in register $t1. Then the program multiplies alpha times 6 which is stored in register $t2. The program then adds beta to the result and stores the final answer in register $t2. This is a simple program that demonstrates the basic principles of mips assembly language..

[Audio] Discussing the basics of Digital Equipment Corporation V-A-X assembly language. Let's take a closer look..

[Audio] Today we will discuss the significant differences between the V-A-X and mips architectures. The V-A-X architecture is decoded based on a C-I-S-C design while the mips architecture is encoded based on a risc design. These differences in architecture affect the performance and efficiency of the machines. We will conclude that while the V-A-X and mips architectures may appear similar they are very different machines with unique architectural designs..

[Audio] Our focus is on the topic of machine language a vital tool used by computers to communicate with each other. Machine language consists of specific instructions tailored to each processor family such as Intel V-A-X mips A-R-M and others. Each processor family has its own set of instructions and assembly language which can be overwhelming for programmers working with multiple platforms. However understanding machine language is essential for developers optimizing their code for specific processors and platforms..

[Audio] The basic machine cycle is followed by all processors but what makes them unique lies in the details of their execute phase. This is where processors' true power lies in their ability to perform specific tasks and operations tailored to their design. By optimizing the execute phase processors can achieve incredible performance and efficiency. As we explore this topic further keep in mind that the specific operations performed in the execute phase are what distinguish them from one another..

[Audio] We will now discuss the concept of assembly language and its role in computer programming. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that describes computations in terms of the hardware of a particular processor. This means that assembly language is very closely tied to the specific processor on which it is being used. On the other hand high-level computer programming languages describe computations in terms of the problem being solved. This allows for more and flexible programming as high-level languages can be used to solve a wide range of problems..

[Audio] We have discussed the differences between high-level and assembly languages. High-level languages such as Python Java and C plus plus are more user-friendly and easier to program for programmers. Assembly language is a lower-level programming language that can be more efficient and faster in terms of execution. However the choice of language depends on the specific problem at hand..

[Audio] We discussed the suitability of assembly language for different types of problems. Assembly language is best suited for problems that involve the very computer the program is running on. This is because assembly language is a low-level programming language that can directly interact with the hardware of the computer. This makes it more efficient and faster than other programming languages that are higher-level ions. Therefore if you have a problem that requires direct access to the hardware of the computer such as optimizing the performance of a program or troubleshooting hardware issues assembly language is the best choice. However it is important to note that assembly language is not suitable for all types of problems. It requires a strong understanding of computer architecture and hardware and it can be difficult to write and debug programs in assembly language. In summary assembly language is best suited for problems that require direct access to the hardware of the computer but it should only be used by experienced programmers who have a deep understanding of computer architecture and hardware..

[Audio] Main storage is a critical component of computer systems as it determines how quickly data can be stored and retrieved. It is directly accessible to the C-P-U and is a vital part of any computing system. Assembly language is a powerful tool used for programming operating systems and other programs. It allows programmers to have precise control over hardware and write efficient programs which can be a significant advantage in many situations. In our presentation we will discuss the main storage and its importance in computer systems. We will also explore the use of assembly language in programming and how it can be used to create highly efficient and effective programs. By the end of this presentation you will have a better understanding of the role that main storage and assembly language play in computer systems..

[Audio] We will now discuss the use of assembly language. Assembly language is most commonly used in programming embedded systems. These systems are built for specific purposes and often contain a processor chip as a key component. Examples of embedded systems include aviation electronics communication satellites DVD players robots automobile electronics cell phones and game consoles. mips chips are commonly used in these systems as they provide high performance and low power consumption. In higher education students may learn assembly language as part of a computer science or engineering program as it provides a deeper understanding of how computer systems work at a low level..

[Audio] Computers have the ability to store data in a variety of forms such as binary and decimal. Memory is responsible for both storing data and executing programs. Binary data is made up of bits each of which is a single on/off value. A byte consists of eight bits each of which is a single on/off value. Early computers relied on toggle switches to set the values of bits in main memory. Programming these early computers involved manually entering the bits of each machine instruction into the front panel switches. A light above each switch would indicate whether it was on or off (1 or 0). Modern computers offer more convenient methods for transferring bit patterns into memory..

[Audio] Each byte has a unique address which is an integer that identifies the byte. This is a fundamental element of the Von Neumann machine widely used in modern computers. Programs and data are limited to the first two billion addresses. Main memory is crucial for efficient and effective processing of program instructions and data..

[Audio] Today's topic is question 10: Is it necessary to install four billion bytes of R-A-M on a mips computer? The answer is No. Both processors have the same range of logical addresses but there need not be actual R-A-M behind each address. This means that just because a mips computer has a 4 billion byte address range does not mean that it needs to have 4 billion bytes of R-A-M installed. The address range of a mips computer is the same as that of a 32-bit Pentium which means that the same addresses can be used on both processors. However just because the addresses are the same does not mean that the same amount of R-A-M must be installed on both processors. It is up to the manufacturer to determine how much R-A-M to install on a mips computer based on its intended use and performance requirements. In summary the answer to question 10 is No. It is not necessary to install four billion bytes of R-A-M on a mips computer..

[Audio] We discuss the definition of architecture and its differences from implementation. We also talk about the mips family of computers and how they all share the same assembly-level architecture. This means that all mips machines can be programmed using the same assembly language. However the actual electronics that implement the architecture may differ greatly between versions of the chip. It is important to understand the difference between architecture and implementation and how they relate to each other in the context of computer systems..

[Audio] Silicon Valley used car lots feature similar architecture but the implementation and performance can be significantly different. When visiting these lots it's important to keep in mind that the appearance of cars may be the same on the surface but they may have different components under the hood. This can impact the value and performance of the car. As such it's crucial to do your research and compare different options to get the best deal for your money..

[Audio] We appreciate your time.. Architecture vs. Implementation.