Chap-18_Body Fluid _ Circulation (18)_E

[Virtual Presenter] Good morning everyone. In this presentation, we will be talking about body fluids and circulation. We will cover topics such as the composition of blood and blood groups, the coagulation of the blood, the composition and function of lymph, the structure of the human heart and blood vessels, the cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, the double circulation system, the regulation of cardiac activity, and disorders of the circulatory system like hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and heart failure. We will also discuss the working of the human heart, the heart beat, heart sounds, the vessels and course of circulation of blood, portal systems, the lymphatic system, ECG, the pacemaker, diseases of the heart as well as some important points. We will end with a summary of body fluids and circulation, including complete double circulations, as well as the chapter index. Let’s begin by taking a look at the circulatory system..

[Audio] Blood is the medium of transportation in the body, and can be transported through an open or closed circulatory system. The closed circulatory system is a high-pressure system and blood is conveyed directly to the organs through capillaries. It was discovered by William Harvey. Hearts can further be categorized on the basis of the type of blood they receive and the origin of the impulse for heart beat. Myogenic hearts originate impulse from the heart muscles, while venous hearts receive deoxygenated blood from all over the body. Organisms that possess these types of hearts include fishes, chordates, molluscs, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals..

[Audio] Blood comprises of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. The human heart is made up of three layers: the outermost epicardium, the middle myocardium (made up of cardiac muscle) and the innermost endocardium. It is encased in a protective fluid-filled sac called the pericardial cavity. The heart has four chambers – the right and left atrium and the right and left ventricle. It also has two large veins that pour blood into the right atrium, and two pulmonary veins that bring oxygenated blood into the left. The pulmonary vein has no valve due to its oblique shape which prevents backflow of blood. The right side has a tricuspid valve and the left side a bicuspid or mitral valve, with cusps of the valves connected to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendinae which terminate on the papillary muscles. The double circulation system comprises of the systemic and pulmonary systems, with the cardiac cycle and output completing this cycle. The ECG (electrocardiogram) is a representation of the electrical activity of the heart muscles and records changes in electrical potential caused by the cardiac cycle. Cardiac activity is regulated by autonomic nervous system, cardiac hormones and intracellular calcium. Disorders of the circulatory system include coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, dysrhythmias and hypertension..

[Audio] The human heart is a complex organ that is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood around the body. In this slide we will look at its internal structure and how it works. The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary trunk, which then divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries to carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs on either side. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, and sends it to the ascending aorta, supplying blood to the coronary arteries and the systemic circulation of the body. To prevent backflow of blood, both origins have three semilunar valves. The inner surface of the ventricle has muscular trabeculae carnae and papillary muscles, which are attached to the ventricular wall by chordae tendinae to stop the flaps from going into the atrium during ventricular contraction. The heart works by alternatingly contracting and dilating its chambers, and is in joint diastole when all of its four chambers are in a relaxed state..

[Audio] We are examining the cardiac cycle and the processes that occur during a heart beat. During diastole, blood is received in the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae. The blood then passes into the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves. In atrial systole, the blood can not return to the vena cavae due to compression from the atrial contraction. After atrial systole, the atria are empty and the ventricles start to relax. The semilunar valves close and block the blood from re-entering the arterial arches..

[Audio] The heart is an essential organ as it pumps blood around the body via the circulatory system. The cardiac cycle is the process that drives this, with systole being the phase during which the heart muscle contracts, pushing blood out of the heart and into the circulation. This is followed by diastole, when the heart relaxes and fills with blood, and the cycle then repeats. The regulation of this cycle is important for maintaining normal cardiac function, and this is done through the heart's electrical system that produces electrical impulses, which can be monitored and measured with an electrocardiogram (ECG). If something goes wrong with the cardiac cycle or heart structure, circulatory diseases can occur, such as coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure, which can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is therefore important to be aware of the symptoms of these diseases and take the appropriate action..

Body Fluids and Circulation || 7. Some babies are born with a hole in the septum between the atria or ventricles. Based on what you know about blood flow through the heart, explain why this condition would be harmful to the baby. A man's arm is cut by a piece of glass. Blood comes out of the wound in rapid spurts. Which type of vessel was cut? Ans. 1. Such a baby is called as blue baby. The deoxygenated blood might mix with oxygenated blood and cens would not get enough oxygen. 2. An artery was cut..

[Audio] We will now look at the composition of blood, structure of the human heart, the double circulation system, cardiac cycle and output, ECG, regulation of cardiac activity and disorders of the circulatory system. The autonomic nervous system regulates the cardiac function through a special neural centre in the medulla oblongata. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, the strength of ventricular contraction and the cardiac output whereas the parasympathetic signals decrease them. Hormones, body temperature and strong emotions can also affect the cardiac output. The heart beat is typically faster in females and the heart rate is highest at birth, moderately fast in youth, average in adulthood and above average in old age. The sound of the heart is due to the sudden closure of its valves, resulting in two distinct sounds. This concludes today's lesson..

[Audio] Blood is transported from the heart to other parts of our body with a regular and rhythmic contraction of the heart's ventricles and the aorta and its main arteries. This contraction is felt as regular jerks or pulse. The blood then travels through the arteries and is delivered to the capillaries, which are composed of single walls of flat endothelial cells. This makes the capillaries very permeable to water and small solutes. Blood then enters the venules, which are tiny veins that collect blood from the capillaries. Venules help to regulate the flow of blood between the arterioles and the capillaries. Any damage in the valves, as in rheumatic fever, causes a murmur which we can hear..

[Audio] Blood composition, the structure of the human heart, double circulation, the cardiac cycle and output, electrocardiogram (ECG), regulation of cardiac activity and disorders of the circulatory system will be discussed. Veins are distinguished from arteries as they are wider and most are located close to the skin, apart from the deep body veins, and the vessels supplying blood to the veins are known as 'vasa vasorum'. The blood circulatory course includes pulmonary circulation, where blood is circulated from the heart to the lungs and back; systemic circulation, which circulates the blood to the different body parts; and portal circulation, which is the circulation of blood from one organ to another. The schematic plan of blood circulation in humans shows the circulation of blood throughout the body and helps us understand the blood flow better..

[Audio] We are going to discuss the circulatory system, which consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood itself. Arteries are the vessels which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to its destination and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. We will explore the cardiac cycle - the sequence of events that occur in the heart during each heartbeat, which is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. We will also discuss some of the disorders that can affect the circulatory system, such as coronary heart disease and hypertension. Understanding these disorders is important for maintaining the health of the circulatory system..

[Audio] We will be discussing body fluids and circulation, an essential part of human anatomy. Specifically, we will focus on Cardiac anatomy, specifically the Bicuspid valve which guards the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle. The Sinu atrial node is the heart's natural pacemaker. All veins, except the Pulmonary veins, carry deoxygenated blood. The Pulmonary artery has a thick wall, while the ventricles feature Papillary muscles. The AV bundle, Bundle of His, SA node, and Purkinje fibres are all involved in the heart beat and its conduction. Finally, we will look at portal systems, such as the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system, before finishing with coronary circulation..

[Audio] This slide covers some aspects of the coronary circulatory system in the human body, which helps to transport oxygenated blood throughout the body. Coronary arteries and veins are responsible for this process. Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. The largest of these arteries is the left anterior descending, which lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies the anterior interventricular septum and the anterolateral wall of the left ventricle. There are also the circumflex branch and the right coronary artery. The circumflex branch lies in the coronary sulcus and distributes oxygenated blood to the walls of the left ventricle and left atrium. The right coronary artery supplies small branches to the right atrium and continues inferiorly to the right auricle. It divides into the posterior interventricular and marginal branches. The posterior interventricular branch follows the posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies the walls of the two ventricles and the interventricular septum with oxygenated blood. The marginal branch in the coronary sulcus transports oxygenated blood to the myocardium of the right ventricle. Connections between these arteries - known as anastomoses - provide alternate routes for blood to reach a particular organ or tissue. Meanwhile, coronary veins drain the blood back into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium. These coronary veins collect carbon dioxide and wastes. In a resting person, as little as 10-15% of its normal blood supply is required for the heart muscles to stay alive..

[Audio] Good day everyone. The human body consists of a complex circulatory system. The blood circulates within the body through a network of vessels, carrying essential nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removing waste products. In this slide, we will talk about Body Fluids and Circulation. It is known that arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is one of the main causes of heart attack. Another important topic is the Frank-Starling law which states that the more the heart muscle is stretched during filling phase, the more blood will be pumped into the aorta. We will also focus on the Lymphatic system, composed of lymph, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts and lymphatic nodes. The lymphatic capillaries are close to the blood capillaries but end blindly and are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. Lymphatic vessels are composed of an outer coat of fibrous tissue, middle coat of muscular tissue and an inner lining of endothelial cells. Thoracic duct and Right lymphatic duct discharge their lymph into the left and right subclavian vein respectively. Finally, the lymph is filtered through lymph nodes which contain phagocytic white blood corpuscles and macrophages..

[Audio] The topic for today is the body fluids and circulation. We'll be discussing the functions of lymph and ECG, or electrocardiogram. Lymph serves as a transport system, relaying proteins, hormones, and other molecules to cells, and carrying away carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes from cells. It also produces and carries lymphocytes and antibodies to the blood. Furthermore, it absorbs and transports fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine, as well as plasma proteins and hormones produced from the endocrine glands. Additionally, lymph helps to maintain blood volume. The ECG is a recording of the electrical changes of the cardiac chambers that follow a specific sequence. This data can be collected through an app. That is all regarding body fluids and circulation for now..

[Audio] Blood is composed of plasma and various cells. The human heart consists of four chambers; two atria and two ventricles. The double circulatory system is when oxygen-depleted blood is returned to the heart via the right side and oxygen-rich blood is pushed to the rest of the body on the left side. The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that take place in the heart during a single beat. This cycle consists of four stages; diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole. During the cardiac cycle, the heart's output is the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per minute. Electrocardiography (ECG) uses electrodes placed on the body to measure the electrical activity of the heart. It helps to detect any abnormal cardiac activities. Regulation of cardiac activity is controlled by hormones, nervous and humoral mechanisms. Disorders of the circulatory system include coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and valvular heart diseases. For electrocardiography, an additional electrode is placed on the chest with the help of a rubber suction cup and the electrocardiograph is switched on. The electrical current of the heart is detected and amplified by the machine and transmitted to the recording pen which draws a wavy line, called the deflection waves. A normal electrocardiogram contains a P wave, a QRS complex, and a T wave. The P wave is a small upward wave which indicates the depolarisation of the atria or the spread of impulse from the sinus node throughout the atria. The QRS complex is the expression of ventricular depolarisation and begins after a fraction of a second of the P wave. It begins as a small downward deflection (Q) and continues as large upright (R) wave and ends as a downward wave (S) at the base. The potential generated by the recovery of ventricle from the depolarisation state is called the repolarisation wave. The P-Q interval is the time taken by the impulse to travel through atria, AV node and the rest of the conduction system..

[Audio] Human body is composed of a complex system that performs numerous functions. The most vital fluid in the body is blood that is pumped by the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that creates the double circulation system which oxygenates blood in two phases. Cardiac cycle and cardiac output refer to the recurrent contractions of heart regulated by SA Node. An ECG (Electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of the heart and detect any irregularities in its rhythm. Conditions of the circulatory system can alter the heartbeat patterns and an artificial pacemaker is consequently employed to normalize the rhythm and save one's life..

[Audio] I will be discussing the disorders of the circulatory system and the impact of high blood pressure, or hypertension, on our body. Hypertension is a condition that occurs when the force of the blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels is too high, causing damage to the arteries. It can lead to stroke, heart attack, and chronic heart failure, and can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, smoking, or a genetic predisposition. There are several different factors that can contribute to hypertension, such as age, gender, physical activity, diet, and medications. High blood pressure can be managed with lifestyle changes, such as getting regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, reducing stress, and maintaining a healthy weight. Medications are also available to help manage hypertension, and they typically include diuretics, beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors. Understanding the importance of managing your blood pressure and the potential risks of hypertension could be beneficial in improving one's overall health..

[Audio] We are discussing the human heart and circulatory system. We will take a close look at how body fluids and circulation are connected, focusing on heart failure and associated risk factors. Heart failure is a state where the heart is not pumping blood adequately and is sometimes referred to as congestive heart failure, due to the associated congestion of the lungs. It is essential to distinguish between heart failure and cardiac arrest or a heart attack, which are often confused. We will also explore questions such as what happens when the heart of a frog is removed and kept in a petri dish, which hormones control different aspects of the heart, and what is the composition of the human heart. This investigation of the heart and circulatory system should broaden our understanding and help you learn more about your own body and the way it works..

[Audio] Body fluids and circulation are complex subjects. There are many facts that need to be understood, such as the lowest and highest levels of glucose, amino acids, and urea in the hepatic vein. The largest vein in the body is the inferior vena cava and the largest artery is the aorta, while blood capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. Giraffes have the highest blood pressure of all animals due to the length of their neck. Antarctic fish have no red pigment in their blood due to a lack of hemoglobin. Frogs have two pairs of lymph hearts, and thrombopenia is a decrease in blood platelet count. Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by juxta-glomerular cells of the kidneys and foetus bypasses pulmonary system through two shunts. Lungfish has three chambered hearts, while crocodiles, alligators and gavialis have four chambered hearts. The heart of fish is called venous heart because it receives and pumps deoxygenated blood. Humans have auricles which are called atria. Nereis and Amphioxus do not have a heart, and a prawn’s heart contains oxygenated blood. Fish heart has a single blood circulation, while amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have double blood circulation. A foramen of Panizzae is present in between two systemic arches of the heart of liza. Hopefully this has been a useful introduction to body fluids and circulation. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask..

[Audio] Stroke volume" is the amount of blood pumped in one beat of the heart..

[Audio] In the discussion of body fluids and circulation fundamentals, it was noted that vertebrates have a closed circulatory system comprised of vessels and blood. The heart, consisting of two atria and two ventricles plus an auto-excitable cardiac musculature, was discussed, as well as the sino-atrial node which sets the heart's pace. Additionally, the cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG and double circulation system were examined. The double circulation system has the pulmonary circulation carrying deoxygenated blood and systemic circulation carrying oxygenated blood..

[Audio] The presentation is about the body fluids and circulation system. Invertebrates typically do not have a capillary system, although there are exceptions such as crustaceans, cephalopods, insects and gastropods. An open type circulatory system lacks certain features, like a well regulated blood supply to different organs. We will examine the circulatory systems found in cockroaches, as well as single type circulation of blood found in fish, frogs, humans and lizards. Furthermore, we will learn about blood in certain organisms such as frogs, rabbits and earthworms, and the Ringer solution. The topic of blood loss in humans will also be discussed. Join us in this journey to learn more about the fascinating circulatory system..

[Audio] The myocardium is the layer of the heart responsible for differentiating thickness between the different chambers. Between the two auricles and the ventricle lies the irregular groove, known as the Inter-auricular septum. Before birth, two pulmonary bypasses, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, are present in the circulatory system. The opening of the superior vena cava is guarded by the semilunar valves. The opening of the pulmonary vein does not have a valve because the pressure of the blood is low and the opening is oblique. The aperture between the right auricle and right ventricle is guarded by the tricuspid valve. Chordae tendinae are present in the ventricles, while the Purkinje fibres are found in the walls of the right auricle. The SA node is responsible for stimulating the Ventricular systole, and the medulla is the centre for the regulation of the heart beat. A cardiac cycle consists of auricular systole, ventricular systole and joint diastole..

[Audio] Blood circulation is divided into two parts: double circulation and portal systems. The superior mesenteric artery transports blood to the pancreas and ileum, and the hypogastric artery sends blood to the bladder, pancreas and abdominal wall. The hepatic portal system is present in all vertebrates and this system is where a vein starts at one organ and ends at another. Lymph has lower proteins and higher waste products compared to blood. The lymphatic vessels from the lower parts of the body join together and form the thoracic duct which then flows into the left subclavian vein. The wave of the ECG which shows ventricular depolarization is the QRS wave, and the time it takes for the impulse to travel through the atria, AV node and other conducting tissue is the cardiac cycle..

[Audio] Discussion of body fluids and circulation continued. William Harvey is noted for discovering blood transfusion, blood clotting, blood circulation, and blood purification. Chelone and Cockroach are the only two that do not have an open circulation system. A crocodile heart consists of two auricles and two ventricles. Frogs, humans, and rabbits commonly have myogenic hearts. Purkinje's fibers are a type of cardiac muscle fiber located in the heart. The regulation of heart beats in mammals is attributed to the presence of a pacemaker in the heart. The first heart sound is known as the 'Lubb' sound and occurs at the beginning of systole. The pulse making impulse follows SA node  AV node  Bundle of His  Purkinje fibers  Heart muscles. It has been observed that stimulating the vagus nerve of a frog can result in an increased heart beat..