Advances in Biosensor Technology

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Student name ID Task Slides number Ahmed Hisham fathy 190173 Introduction 3-4 Yara Khaled 194251 The Characteristics 5-8 Bassam Osman Elgohary 182623 The p rinciple 9-11 Mustafa Ramadan Muhammed 192271 The Types 12-14 Alshaimaa Ramadan Mohamed 194327 The Types (Cont.) 15-16 Sara Mohamed Abdelfatah 190777 The Applications 17-20 Sandy Elkess Bemin Baheig 190927 The Applications (Cont.) 21-22.

A biosensor is defined as an analytical device containing an immobilized biological material (Enzyme , Antibody , nucleic acid , Hormone , organelle , or whole cell ) which can specifically interact with an analyte and produce physical , chemical or electrical signals that can be measured ..

The term “biosensor” refers to powerful and innovative analytical device involving biological sensing element with wide range of applications, such as drug discovery, diagnosis, biomedicine, food safety and processing, environmental monitoring. The biosensor measures the change in concentration of a co-reactant or co-product of the reaction catalyzed by immobilized biological sensing material instead of directly detecting the target analyte..

1- Selectivity : Biosensors are selective , which means that biosensor has the ability to detect specific analyte , for example reaction between antigens and antibodies ..

2- Reproducibility : Ability of biosensors to generate accurate responses for set up of experiments , which means that biosensor provide results in measuring samples when it’s measured more than once..

3-Sensitivity: Amount of analytes can be tested in biosensors , detecting limits and sensitivity , for example in environmental applications to show the presence of traces , and in medical field in prostate specific antigen its concentration is required for biopsy test..

4- Linearity : Linearity shows the accuracy of measured response , measuring for different concentrations of the analyte . Resolution can cause small changes in the concentrations of analyte with an optimum range..

The biological material (is usually enzyme) By a process called Electro-enzymatic process. Transducer convert the enzymes to current (electrical signals) by chemical process. Enzyme oxidation (is a biological response) and acts as a catalyst. Change the pH of the biological material. Affect the current that carrying enzyme capacity. Enzyme measured. The current (transducer output) is a representation of the enzyme being measured. The current converted to voltage which analyzed and represented..

The combination of transducer & biological sensitive element convert the biological material to electrical signal. Transducer output will be either current or voltage depending on the enzyme type. The voltage output is good but if the output is current, should be converted to equivalent voltage by (Op-Amp). The signal is amplified due to signal of voltage output is very low in amplitude and placed on a high frequency noise signal. Then passed through a Low Pass RC Filter. amplifying signal is the job of a Signal Processing (or conditioning) Unit. The signal processing unit output is an analog signal which equivalent to biological quantity that being measured. We can show the analog signal directly on LCD display but this analog signal is passed to a Microcontroller, where the analog signal is converted to digital signal which easy to analyze, process or store a digital signal..

Diabetes characterized by glucose levels in the blood. Checking the blood glucose levels regularly is very important for diabetes patients. Glucometers measure the glucose concentration in blood. They consists of a test strip which collect a small sample of blood to analyze and determine the glucose levels. This particular sensor follow the Electro-enzymatic process (glucose oxidation). The test strip consists of a trigger electrode & a reference electrode. When put the blood on the test strip, a simple chemical reaction occurred and generate electrical current, which is directly proportional to the glucose conc. The Glucometer internally consists of processor like a Cortex-M3 or Cortex-M4 with current to voltage converter, amplifier, filter and a display unit..

Optical biosensors: The optical biosensor is a device that measures using an optical principle. Fiber optics and optoelectronic transducers are used. The name optrode is a combination of the words optical and electrode. These sensors mostly use antibodies and enzymes as transducing components ..

Magnetic biosensors: tiny biosensors that detect magnetic micro- and nanoparticles in microfluidic channels utilizing the magnetoresistance effect offer excellent sensitivity and size potential..

Enzyme Biosensor: This sensor is a type of analytical instrument that combines an enzyme with a transducer to provide a signal proportional to the concentration of the target analyte . This signal can also be amplified, stored, and processed for subsequent examination..

Genetically Encoded or Synthetic Fluorescent Biosensors: Development of tagged biosensor using genetically encoded or synthetic fluorescence paved way to understand the biological process including various molecular pathways inside the cell. This strategy indeed provided new ways to develop such sensors using biological proteins, small molecule binding to analytes and second messengers ..

Microbial Biosensors through Synthetic Biology and Genetic/Protein Engineering: - Utilize state-of-the-art innovative technologies based on genetic/protein engineering and synthetic biology to program microorganisms with specific signal outputs, sensitivity, and selectivity. - Similarly, microbial fuel-based biosensors have been developed with aim to monitor biochemical oxygen demand and toxicity in the environment. Bacteria have the potential of degrading the organic substrate and generating electricity for fermentation..

There are various applications of biosensors in many different fields such as environmental monitoring, disease detection, food safety, defense, drug discovery ..

Biosensors have many beneficial application in the medicine include cancer detection and monitoring, cardiovascular disease monitoring, and diabetes control..

Wireless and flexible biosensor patch for continuous and longitudinal monitoring of different physiological signals, including body temperature, blood pressure (BP), and electrocardiography in cardiovascular disease..

The aptasensors for the detection of harmful small toxic chemicals and real-time monitoring in the environments..

Biosensors are used in the food industry to measure carbohydrates, alcohols and acids during quality control processes. The devices may also be used to check fermentation during the production of yoghurt and soft drinks. Another important application is detecting pathogens in fresh meat, poultry or fish..

Biosensors can be used to forecast the possible occurrence of crop and soil diseases, which has not been feasible with the existing technology. The biological diagnosis of crops and soil using biosensor means opening the approach to reliable prevention and decontamination of soil disease at an earlier stage..

Ali , J., Najeeb , J., Ali, M.A., Aslam, M.F. and Raza, A., 2017. Biosensors: their fundamentals, designs, types and most recent impactful applications: a review. J. Biosens . Bioelectron , 8(1), pp.1-9 . Azosensors (12Nov2013). University of North Texas. Biosensors technology. Nguyen , V.T., Kwon, Y.S. and Gu , M.B., 2017. Aptamer -based environmental biosensors for small molecule contaminants. Current opinion in biotechnology, 45, pp.15-23. Phan , D.T., Nguyen, C.H., Nguyen, T.D.P., Tran, L.H., Park, S., Choi, J., Lee, B.I. and Oh, J., 2022. A Flexible, Wearable, and Wireless Biosensor Patch with Internet of Medical Things Applications. Biosensors, 12(3), p.139. Tetyana , P., Shumbula , P.M. and Njengele-Tetyana , Z., 2021. Biosensors: Design, Development and Applications. In Nanopores . IntechOpen ..

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