Name: Bacille Calmette-Guerin
Uploaded: 2022-11-27
Duration: 5 min 27 s
Description: . . Bacille ( BCG Injection Dispense with Medication Guo attached or provided Lot # Vaccil.

. . Bacille ( BCG Injection Dispense with Medication Guo attached or provided Lot # Vaccil. 

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Bacille (
BCG
Injection
Dispense with Medication Guo
attached or provided
Lot #
Vaccil

Nupur Srivastava
Roll no. 22-BT-053
Semester 1 FYBT

. . . Introduction: What is the BCG vaccine?. . • Named after its inventors Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin, BCG is a vaccine. 

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• Named after its inventors Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin, BCG is a vaccine

used primarily against tuberculosis (TB).

. . • It is a live attenuated vaccine (LAV), created by reducing the virulence of the. 

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• It is a live attenuated vaccine (LAV), created by reducing the virulence of the

• This vaccine was originally developed from Mycobacterium bovis, found in cattle,

and though it has been weakened, it is still live.

• First used medically in 1921, it is one of the World Heath Organisation’s List of

• This vaccine has existed for over a century, and is one of the most widely used of

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis

. . . History of the BCG vaccine. . • Following the success of vaccination in preventing smallpox, established during. 

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• Following the success of vaccination in preventing smallpox, established during

the 18th century, scientists sought to find a corollary in TB by drawing a parallel
between bovine TB and cowpox: It was hypothesized that infection with bovine
tuberculosis might protect against infection with human tuberculosis.

• In the late 19th century, clinical trials using Mycobacterium bovis were conducted

in Italy. The result was disastrous, as this pathogen was found to be just as
virulent as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• In 1908, a French Physician, Albert Calmette, and his assistant, Camille Guerin, a

veterinarian, were working at the Institut Pasteur de Lille.

• Their work included subculturing virulent strains of the tuberculosis bacillus and

. . • They noted that a glycerin-bile-potato mixture grew bacilli that seemed less. 

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• They noted that a glycerin-bile-potato mixture grew bacilli that seemed less

virulent, and changed the course of their research to see if repeated subculturing
would produce a strain that was attenuated enough to be considered for use as a
vaccine.

• The BCG strain was isolated after subculturing 239 times during 13 years from the

virulent strain on glycerin potato medium.

. . • The research continued throughout World. War I until 1919, when the now avirulent
bacilli were unable to cause tuberculosis in
research animals.. 

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• The research continued throughout World

War I until 1919, when the now avirulent
bacilli were unable to cause tuberculosis in
research animals.

• Calmette and Guerin transferred to the Paris

• The BCG vaccine was first used in humans in

• Public acceptance, however, was slow, owing

to the Lubeck disaster, wherein 251 infants
were vaccinated. 173 of them developed TB
and 72 died. It was subsequently discovered
that
the
BCG
administered
had
been

contaminated with a virulent strain being
stored in the same incubator.

SANTÉ PUBLIQUE POPULATION
CONTRE LA
TUBERCULOSE
MITÉ NATIONAL DÉFENSE TUBERCULOSE •
publiqu

WNISTÉRE LA SANTÉ PIJBLIOUE Er POPULATION
CONTRE LA
TUBERCULOSE
COMITÉ NATIONAL DÉFENSE TUBERCULOSE •
publiqu

French poster advertising the BCG vaccine

. . • Dr RG Ferguson, a pioneer in North America’s fight against TB, was among the first. 

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• Dr RG Ferguson, a pioneer in North America’s fight against TB, was among the first

to develop the practice of vaccination against tuberculosis.

• In 1928, BCG was adopted by the Health Committee of the League of Nations

(predecessor to WHO). Because of opposition, however, it only became widely
used after World War II.

. . . Medical use. . • Target of the vaccine
The BCG vaccine targets Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of
tuberculosis, a bacterial infection that affects the lungs, and sometimes other parts
of the body, such as the brain (meningitis).
TB is highly contagious, usually spreading by means of tiny droplets from the
coughs or sneezes of an infected person.. 

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• Target of the vaccine
The BCG vaccine targets Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of
tuberculosis, a bacterial infection that affects the lungs, and sometimes other parts
of the body, such as the brain (meningitis).
TB is highly contagious, usually spreading by means of tiny droplets from the
coughs or sneezes of an infected person.

In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of 
infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%.
It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children 
being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As 
tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, Western Europe, and the United 
States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk. Part of the reasoning 
against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely 
positive, reducing the test's usefulness as a screening tool.

. . • Preparation of the vaccine:. A
weakened
strain
of
bovine
tuberculosis. 

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bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis is specially subcultured
in a culture medium, usually Middlebrook 7H9.
Some BCG vaccines are freeze dried and become fine
powder. Sometimes the powder is sealed with vacuum
in a glass ampoule. Such a glass ampoule has to be
opened slowly to prevent the airflow from blowing out
the powder. Then the powder has to be diluted with
saline water before injecting.

BCC
For
Add zo
Diluted S
Dose:
Diluent for For
BCG

. . • Administration of the vaccine
This vaccine is available either as liquid fresh type or lyophilized type. The latter is
more stable and is used currently after reconstituting it with normal saline.
It is generally administered to infants at birth. A tuberculin skin test (or Mantoux
test) is usually carried out before administering BCG. Tuberculin testing before BCG
vaccination might be recommended on the grounds that it will detect tuberculosis
and will prevent complications due to pre-existing immunity.. 

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• Administration of the vaccine
This vaccine is available either as liquid fresh type or lyophilized type. The latter is
more stable and is used currently after reconstituting it with normal saline.
It is generally administered to infants at birth. A tuberculin skin test (or Mantoux
test) is usually carried out before administering BCG. Tuberculin testing before BCG
vaccination might be recommended on the grounds that it will detect tuberculosis
and will prevent complications due to pre-existing immunity.

. . BCG is given as a single intradermal injection at the insertion of the deltoid. Site of
the vaccine is not cleaned with spirit as it may kill the live component of the
vaccine. The characteristic raised scar that BCG immunization leaves is often used
as proof of prior immunization.. 

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BCG is given as a single intradermal injection at the insertion of the deltoid. Site of
the vaccine is not cleaned with spirit as it may kill the live component of the
vaccine. The characteristic raised scar that BCG immunization leaves is often used
as proof of prior immunization.

WHY THE
LEFT
DELTOID?
SO THAT
SMALL SCAR LEFT
AFTER VACCINATION
CAN BE EASILY
FOUND IN THE
FUTURE AS
EVIDENCE OF
PREVIOUS
VACCINATION.

. . . Adverse effects. . • Scarring called keloids at the site of infection
• If given subcutaneously, it may induce local abscess that can sometimes ulcerate
• It can sometimes cause life-threatening infection, for example, in case of an. 

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• Scarring called keloids at the site of infection
• If given subcutaneously, it may induce local abscess that can sometimes ulcerate
• It can sometimes cause life-threatening infection, for example, in case of an

. . . Efficacy. . • BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and. 

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• BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and

disseminated TB in children. It does not prevent primary infection, and more
importantly, does not prevent reactivation of latent pulmonary infection.

• Protective efficacy against some diseases:
Pulmonary tuberculosis: 0%
Severe forms of tuberculosis (like miliary tuberculosis): 0-80%

. . Acknowledgment:. I would like to sincerely thank Kinjal ma’am for giving me this opportunity to study this vaccine by the means of
this assignment. The completion of this assignment would not have been possible without her guidance.. 

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I would like to sincerely thank Kinjal ma’am for giving me this opportunity to study this vaccine by the means of
this assignment. The completion of this assignment would not have been possible without her guidance.

The information and pictures for this assignment have been taken from the following sources:

Bacille Calmette-Guerin

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