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[Audio] Articulation refers to the motor processes involved in speech production. TRUE Articulation is a gradually developing motor skill. TRUE A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit that is able to establish word meanings and distinguish between them. TRUE Vocalic sounds are produced with a low degree of oral obstruction TRUE Substitution processes describe changes in which a sound becomes similar to a neighboring sound. FALSE The TRACE model provides a computationally and neuroanatomically explicit account of the network of brain regions involved in speech acquisition and production. FALSE In an articulation disorder, the language capabilities of the individual are also affected. FALSE Distinctive feature theories are an attempt to determine the specific properties of a sound that serve to signal meaning differences in a language. TRUE The terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. A theory is used to test models, and models are always subjected to change based on information and research. FALSE All articulation errors are considered atypical and are a red flag for an articulation disorder. FALSE Phonology includes the inventory of phonemes in a specific language and how they are organized to convey meaning. TRUE The presence of phonological processes in a child's speech indicate the presence of a speech sound disorder. FALSE Phonology refers to allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language. FALSE Accents, like dialects, are not speech or language disorders but, rather, only reflect differences. TRUE The type of accent that occurs when a set of phonetic traits of one language are carried over when a person learns a new language. FOREIGN ACCENT A speech sound disorder that resulted from a motor planning/programming deficit. APRAXIA OF SPEECH A motor execution difficulty due to possible weakness in one or all of the speech systems. DYSARTHRIA In this structural SSD, what do you call an error that results from an abnormal placement of articulators in response to abnormal structure? COMPENSATORY ERRORS Problems in speech sound production. ARTICULATION DO Problems in the language-specific function of phonemes PHONOLOGICAL DO Characterized by phonemic errors. PHONOLOGICAL DO Characterized by phonetic errors. ARTICULATION DO Disturbances represent an impairment of the understanding of the organization of phonemes within the language system. PHONOLOGICAL DO Disturbances in relatively peripheral motor processes that result in speech. ARTICULATION DO Difficulties do not typically impact other areas of language development. ARTICULATION DO Difficulties may impact other other areas of language development. PHONOLOGICAL DO Can be used to analyze and classify phonological errors according to substitutions, deletions, and distortions. Distinctive Features Attempts to capture phonetic features that distinguish between phonemes of a language. Generative Phonology Points out prominent developmental steps that children go through until the goal of adult phonology. Natural Phonology Assumption that all sound segments have equal value and all distinctive features are equal. Linear Phonologies Understands segments as governed by more complex linguistic dimensions. Nonlinear Phonologies Demonstrates the relationships between certain syllable types and production of sound segments. Autosegmental Phonology Categorizes stress by S (Stronger) and W (weaker). Metrical Phonology Contains 3 modes and features = laryngeal, manner, place. Feature Geometry Suggests that underlying representations contain only unpredictable features. Theory of Radical Underspecification PEAK, ONSET, NOCODA, * COMPLEX. Optimality Theory A given speech sound can be produced in several different ways. Context-Sensitivity Problem The speech motor system must somehow regulate all muscular contractions of all speech subsystems to ensure rapid and correctly sequenced movements by speech subsystems to generate target sounds and words. Degrees of Freedom There is an internalized map of the vocal tract in the brain allowing movement of articulators no matter the starting position. Target Models Speech perception is based on linear correspondence between acoustic speech signal and linguistic phonemic units. Linearity and Segmentation We normalize difference in productions while focusing on features that characterize it as a member of a particular phoneme family. Speaker Normalization Information processing takes place through the excitatory and inhibitory interactions of a large number of simple processing units, each working continuously to update its own activation on the basis of the activations of other units to which it is connected. TRACE Model Interactive theory focusing on word recognition rather than acoustic-phonetic aspects of speech perception. Logogen Theory Phonetic categories of a language are organized in terms of prototypes. Native Language Magnet Theory Presented by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle. Generative Distinctive Features Consists of 2 stages for spoken word recognition - autonomous and interactive stage. Cohort Theory.